Adverbs

Adverb - is a word that describes or modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It may indicate time, place, manner, degree, affirmation, or negation.

Classification of Adverbs
1. Adverbs of manner - answer the question how or in what manner

• We decorated the area beautifully.
• I always do my homework conscientiously.

2. Adverbs of time - answer the question when

• Cyrus will visit us now.
• The film will be shown later.

3. Adverbs of place - answer the question where

• Jolan can play anywhere.
• It is raining outside.

4. Adverbs of degree - answer the question how much or how little

• I am almost done with my project.
• My cousin is a quite shy.

5. Adverbs of affirmation - used to make a statement mean " yes"

• Indeed, he has a good mother.
• Mary is undoubtedly a good person.

6. Adverbs of negation - used to make a statement mean "no"

• She is not included in the contest.
• I will never lie again.

Adjectives

Adjectives - modifies a noun or a pronoun.

Kinds of Adjectives
1. Limiting adjectives - is an adjective that either points out an object or denotes number.

Classes of Limiting Adjectives

• Numeral adjective - denotes exact number
• Pronominal adjective - used as a pronoun. This can be demonstrative, possessive, distributive, indefinite or interrogative.
  
• Articles - are adjectives that indicate that a noun will soon follow. They maybe definite or indefinite. The word the is a definite article because it usually points to a definite or specific thing or person. The words a or an are called indefinite articles because they refer to any member of a group of similar persons, places or things. A is used before words beginning with consonant sounds, while an is used before words beginning with vowel sounds.
  

2. Proper adjectives - are formed from proper nouns. They always start with capital letters.
3. Common adjectives - express the general name of nouns. They always start with small letters.

Three Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives
1. Positive degree - describes only one person, place or thing.
2. Comparative degree - is used to compare two persons, places or things.
3. Superlative degree - is used to compare three or more persons, places or things.

Verbs

Verbs - are action words.

Tenses of Verbs
1. Simple Present Tense - does not only express actions that are presently happening. It also expresses habitual action. It also expresses:

• opinion

Examples: Shelter is one of the basic need of people.
Students learn a lot from school.

• permanent condition

Examples:
The earth is round.
The sun rises in the east.

• future action

Examples:
She plans to resign next month.
Sheila's wedding is on the first Sunday of June.

• habitual action

Examples:
Cyrus takes a bath every morning.
Liza waits for her mother at their gate every afternoon.

• general truth

Examples:
Everyone grows old.
Students learn a lot from school.

2. Simple Past Tense- expresses simple past action or situation and habitual repeated action in the past. They are formed by adding d or ed to the regular base form. Irr3egular verbs from their past by changing their spelling. Used to + base form or the verb to express habitual or repeated actions in the past.
Regular Verbs form their past tense by adding d or ed to the regular base form.

Examples:
Present - Past

• play - played
• dare - dared
• fill - filled
• heal - healed

Irregular verbs form their past tense by changing the spelling of the words.
Examples:
Present - Past

• see - saw
• teach - taught
• tear - tore
• leave - left

Examples:
When he saw the large crowd, her heart was filled with joy.
Cyrus and Jlo used to play badminton in college.
Alfred worked in a coffee shop.

3. Simple Future Tense - shows action that will still happen. The future tense verbs may be formed with the use of will or shall together with the base form of the verbs.

Examples:
We will wait for you here.
We shall stay here until tonight.
We will look for your dog tomorrow morning.

4. Progressive Tenses - shows continuous action by using some verb forms with the ing-form. It is made up of a form of the be-verb together with the ing-form.

• Present Progressive Tenses - expresses action that is going on at the time of speaking.
• Past Progressive Tenses - describes an action that was going on when something else happened.
• Future Progressive Tenses - indicates an action lasting for a period of time in the future.

Examples:
Present Progressive Tenses: Jen is playing volleyball.
Past Progressive Tenses: Jen was playing volleyball when her Jenny called her.
Future Progressive Tenses: Jen will be playing volleyball as soon as her bestfriend arrives.


5. Present Perfect Tense - expresses action that started in the past and continues up to the present.
Examples:
Ms. Stuart has not visited my place yet.
Sydney has already paid his tuition fee.
They have given a lot of donations for five years.


6. Past Perfect Tense - consist of had and the past participle of verb form. It is used to express an action or state of being completed in the past before some other past action or state of being.
Examples:
She had decided not to join the pageant.
Cyrus had waited for a long time.
Theresa had applied for the job.

7. Future Perfect Tense - expresses an action or state of being to be completed in the future before some other future action or state of being. It consist of will have/shall have plus the past participle verb from.
Examples:
They will have arrived in Cebu before New Year's eve.
Anie will have realized her mistakes.
The Ayala family willl have waited at the terminal for an hour.

PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that is used to take the place of a noun.

Nominative Pronoun
The pronouns I, we, you, he, she, it, and they are called subject or nominative pronouns because they are used as subject or as predicate nominative of the sentence. A predicate nominative comes after the linking verb.
examples: It ruined our picnic.
Jenny and I are good companions.
We are the new batch of graduates.

Objective Pronoun
The pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us, and them are used as object of the verb or of the preposition. They are called objective pronouns. Object or objective pronouns follows an action verb or a preposition like as, for, to, and width.
examples: Please bear with us.
I dedicate this song to you.
The poem was recited by him.

What is a NOUN?

A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing, or idea.
The italicized words in the following sentences are nouns:

• Someone stole my diary.
• Cleanliness is next to godliness.
  
• Jersey loves eating spaghetti.
• Father bought a new car yesterday.
• Who is the president of the club?
  

Kinds of Nouns

Common and Proper Nouns

Nouns may be common or proper. Names like Magnolia, Rizal Park and Jeanette are particular or distinct names of certain things, places, or persons are classified as proper nouns. When they are written, they begin a capital letter. Nouns that name a class like food (thing), church (place), or teacher (person) in a general sense are called common nouns. Such nouns start with small letters.

Collective Nouns

A collective noun is a singular noun denoting a group of persons or things. It takes singular verb if the group acts a single unit. It is plural and takes a plural verb if the group acts separately or as individual members.
examples: troop, brigade, army, gang, parliament, jury, pride, covey, party, band, audience, team, committee, herd, flock, family

Abstract and Concrete Nouns
Abstract Nouns are names of ideas, qualities, and feelings. They cannot be seen, touched or tasted, heard, nor smelled.
examples: courage, perseverance, truthfulness, honesty, virtue, courtesy, kindness, humility, happiness
Concrete Nouns are names of persons, places, or things that can be perceived through the five senses. These things are tangible.
examples: ball pen, t-shirt, book, tissue, keys, skirt, towel

Review Exercises
A. Directions: Find all the nouns in the following sentences. Answer Key is provided after the exercise.
1. The cat sat on a mat.
2. Corazon Aquino is the first female president of the Philippines.
3. Please submit your assignments.
4. The children found a snake under the big rock.
5. Who are the guests in the show?
6. We will go to Singapore next month.
7. Celine Dion is my favorite singer.

Answer Key:
1. cat , mat
2. Corazon Aquino, president, Philippines
3. assignments
4. children, snake, rock
5. guests, show
6. Singapore, month
7. Celine Dion, singer

B. Below is a list of nouns. Give a corresponding proper noun for each common noun and a common noun for each proper noun.
Examples: car (common) Honda Civic ( proper)
Colgate (proper) toothpaste (common)

1. actor
2. Dr. Sia
3. Canada
4. school
5. milk
6. New York
7. medicine
8. computer
9. Pepsi
10. Nokia

C. Give the most suitable collective noun for each of these group.
1. ships
2. flowers
3. lion
4. girls
5. bees
6. stamps
7. grapes
8. cigarettes
9. players
10. thieves

Answer Key
1. fleet
2. bunch
3. pride
4. girls
5. swarm
6. collection
7. bunch
8. pack
9. team
10. gang

D. Tell whether the following nouns are abstract or concrete.
1. hardness
2. obedience
3. magazine
4. attire
5. peace
6. intelligence
7. sweetness
8. Ayala Museum
9. father
10. gifts

Answer Key:
1. abstract
2. abstract
3. concrete
4. concrete
5. abstract
6. abstract
7. abstract
8. concrete
9. concrete
10. concrete